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The following error message is one of two similar error messages you will see if you try to compile the classInputFile
, because the
InputFile
class contains calls to methods that throw exceptions when an error occurs:The Java language requires that methods either catch or specify all checked exceptions that can be thrown within the scope of that method. (Details about what this actually means are covered in the next section, Java's Catch or Specify Requirement.) If the compiler detects a method, such as those inInputFile.java:8: Warning: Exception java.io.FileNotFoundException must be caught, or it must be declared in throws clause of this method. in = new FileReader(filename); ^InputFile
, that doesn't meet this requirement, it issues an error message like the one shown above and refuses to compile the program.Let's look at
InputFile
in more detail and see what's going on.The
InputFile
class wraps aFileReader
and provides a method,getWord
, for reading a word from the current position in the reader.The compiler prints the first error message because of the bold line in the above code listing. The bold line creates a new// Note: This class won't compile by design! import java.io.*; public class InputFile { private FileReader in; public InputFile(String filename) { in = new FileReader(filename); } public String getWord() { int c; StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(); do { c = in.read(); if (Character.isWhitespace((char)c)) return buf.toString(); else buf.append((char)c); } while (c != -1); return buf.toString(); } }FileReader
object and uses it to open a file whose name is passed into theFileReader
constructor.So what should the
FileReader
do if the named file does not exist on the file system? Well, that depends on what the program using theFileReader
wants to do. The implementers ofFileReader
have no idea what theInputFile
class wants to do if the file does not exist. Should theFileReader
kill the program? Should it try an alternate filename? Should it just create a file of the indicated name? There's no possible way theFileReader
implementers could choose a solution that would suit every user ofFileReader
. So, they punted, or rather, threw, an exception. If the file named in the argument to theFileReader
constructor does not exist on the file system, the constructor throws ajava.io.FileNotFoundException
. By throwing an exception,FileReader
allows the calling method to handle the error in whatever way is most appropriate for it.As you can see from the code, the
InputFile
class completely ignores the fact that theFileReader
constructor can throw an exception. However, as stated previously, the Java language requires that a method either catch or specify all checked exceptions that can be thrown within the scope of that method. Because theInputFile
class does neither, the compiler refuses to compile the program and prints an error message.In addition to the first error message shown above, you also see the following similar error message when you compile the
InputFile
class:TheInputFile.java:15: Warning: Exception java.io.IOException must be caught, or it must be declared in throws clause of this method. while ((c = in.read()) != -1) { ^InputFile
class'sgetWord
method reads from theFileReader
that was opened inInputFile
's constructor. TheFileReader
read
method throws a java.io.IOException if for some reason it can't read from the file. Again, theInputFile
class makes no attempt to catch or specify this exception. Thus you see the second error message.At this point, you have two options. You can either arrange to catch the exceptions within the appropriate methods in the
InputFile
class, or theInputFile
methods can "duck" and allow other methods further up the call stack to catch them. Either way, theInputFile
methods must do something, either catch or specify the exceptions, before theInputFile
class can be compiled. For the diligent, there's a class,InputFileDeclared
, that fixes the bugs in
InputFile
by specifying the exceptions.The next section describes in further detail Java's Catch or Specify Requirement. The subsequent sections show you how to comply to the requirement.
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