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Being a Descendent of Object

The Object class sits at the top of the class hierarchy tree in the Java platform. Every class in the Java system is a descendent, direct or indirect, of the Object class. This class defines the basic state and behavior that all objects must have, such as the ability to compare oneself to another object, to convert to a string, to wait on a condition variable, to notify other objects that a condition variable has changed, and to return the class of the object.

Your classes may want to override the following Object methods. The equals/hashCode are listed together as they must be overridden together.

• clone
• equals/hashCode
• finalize
• toString

Your class cannot override these Object methods (they are final):

• getClass
• notify
• notifyAll
• wait

The clone Method

You use the clone method to create an object from an existing object. To create a clone, you write:

aCloneableObject.clone();

Object's implementation of this method checks to see if the object on which clone was invoked implements the Cloneable interface, and throws a CloneNotSupportedException if it does not. Note that Object itself does not implement Cloneable, so subclasses of Object that don't explicitly implement the interface are not cloneable.

If the object on which clone was invoked does implement the Cloneable interface, Object's implementation of the clone method creates an object of the same type as the original object and initializes the new object's member variables to have the same values as the original object's corresponding member variables.

The simplest way to make your class cloneable then, is to add implements Cloneable to your class's declaration. For some classes the default behavior of Object's clone method works just fine. Other classes need to override clone to get correct behavior.

Consider the Stack class, which contains a member variable that refers to a Vector. If Stack relies on Object's implementation of clone, then the original stack and its clone will refer to the same vector. Changing one stack will change the other, which is undesirable behavior.

Here then is an appropriate implementation of clone for our Stack class, which clones the vector to ensure that the original stack and its clone do not refer to the same vector (changes are indicated with a change in font):

public class Stack implements Cloneable
{
    private Vector items;

    // code for Stack's methods and constructor not shown

    protected Object clone() {
        try {
            Stack s = (Stack)super.clone();	// clone the stack
            s.items = (Vector)items.clone();	// clone the vector
            return s;				// return the clone
        } catch (CloneNotSupportedException e) {
            // this shouldn't happen because Stack is Cloneable
            throw new InternalError();
        }
    }
}

The implementation for Stack's clone method is relatively simple: It calls super.clone, which Stack inherits from Object and which creates and initializes an instance of the correct type. At this point, the original stack and its clone refer to the same vector. Next the method clones the vector.

Be careful: clone should never use new to create the clone and should not call constructors. Instead, the method should call super.clone, which creates an object of the correct type and allows the hierarchy of superclasses to perform the copying necessary to get a proper clone.

The equals and hashCode Methods

You must override the equals and hashCode methods together.

The equals method compares two objects for equality and returns true if they are equal. The equals method provided in the Object class uses the identity function to determine if objects are equal (if the objects compared are the exact same object the method returns true).

However, for some classes, two distinct objects of that type might be considered equal if they contain the same information. Consider this code that tests two Integers, one and anotherOne, for equality:

Integer one = new Integer(1), anotherOne = new Integer(1);

if (one.equals(anotherOne))
    System.out.println("objects are equal");

This program displays objects are equal even though one and anotherOne reference two distinct objects. They are considered equal because the objects compared contain the same integer value.

Your classes should only override the equals method if the identity function is not appropriate for your class. If you override equals, then override hashCode as well.

The value returned by hashCode is an int that maps an object into a bucket in a hash table. An object must always produce the same hash code. However, objects can share hash codes (they aren't necessarily unique). Writing a "correct" hashing function is easy--always return the same hash code for the same object. Writing an "efficient" hashing function, one that provides a sufficient distribution of objects over the buckets, is difficult and is out of the scope of the tutorial.

Even so, the hashing function for some classes is relatively obvious. For example, an obvious hash code for an Integer object is its integer value. For an example of a class that overrides the equals and hashCode methods, see the BingoBall class in BINGO!.

The finalize Method

The Object class provides a method, finalize, that cleans up an object before it is garbage collected. This method's role during garbage collection was discussed previously in Cleaning Up Unused Objects. The finalize method is called automatically by the system and most classes you write do not need to override it. So you can generally ignore this method.

The toString Method

Object's toString method returns a String representation of the object. You can use toString along with System.out.println to display a text representation of an object, such as the current thread:

System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().toString());

The String representation for an object depends entirely on the object. The String representation of an Integer object is the integer value displayed as text. The String representation of a Thread object contains various attributes about the thread, such as its name and priority. For example, the previous line of code displays the following output:

Thread[main,5,main]

The toString method is very useful for debugging. It behooves you to override this method in all your classes.

The getClass Method

The getClass method is a final method that returns a runtime representation of the class of an object. This method returns a Class object.

Once you have a Class object you can query it for various information about the class, such as its name, its superclass, and the names of the interfaces that it implements. The following method gets and displays the class name of an object:

void PrintClassName(Object obj) {
    System.out.println("The Object's class is " +
                       obj.getClass().getName());
}

One handy use of a Class object is to create a new instance of a class without knowing what the class is at compile time. The following sample method creates a new instance of the same class as obj, which can be any class that inherits from Object (which means that it could be any class):

Object createNewInstanceOf(Object obj) {
    return obj.getClass().newInstance();
}

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Note: . Take particular note of the section titled Synchronizing Threads.

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