ANSI and GNU Common Lisp Document

• Introduction
• Syntax
• Evaluation and Compilation
• Types and Classes
• Data and Control Flow
• Iteration
• Objects
• Structures
• Conditions
• Symbols
• Packages
• Numbers
• Characters
• Conses
• Arrays
• Strings
• Sequences
• Hash Tables
• Filenames
• Files
• Streams
• Printer
• Reader
• System Construction
• Environment
• Glossary
• Appendix

• Introduction
  • Scope, Purpose, and History
    • Scope and Purpose
    • History
  • Organization of the Document
  • Referenced Publications
  • Definitions
    • Notational Conventions
      • Font Key
      • Modified BNF Syntax
      • Splicing in Modified BNF Syntax
      • Indirection in Modified BNF Syntax
      • Additional Uses for Indirect Definitions in Modified BNF Syntax
      • Special Symbols
      • Objects with Multiple Notations
      • Case in Symbols
      • Numbers
      • Use of the Dot Character
      • NIL
      • Designators
      • Nonsense Words
    • Error Terminology
    • Sections Not Formally Part Of This Standard
    • Interpreting Dictionary Entries
      • The "Affected By" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Arguments" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Arguments and Values" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Binding Types Affected" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Class Precedence List" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • Dictionary Entries for Type Specifiers
      • The "Compound Type Specifier Kind" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Compound Type Specifier Syntax" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Compound Type Specifier Arguments" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Compound Type Specifier Description" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Constant Value" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Description" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Examples" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Exceptional Situations" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Initial Value" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Argument Precedence Order" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Method Signature" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Name" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Notes" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Pronunciation" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "See Also" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Side Effects" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Supertypes" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Syntax" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • Special "Syntax" Notations for Overloaded Operators
      • Naming Conventions for Rest Parameters
      • Requiring Non-Null Rest Parameters in the "Syntax" Section
      • Return values in the "Syntax" Section
      • No Arguments or Values in the "Syntax" Section
      • Unconditional Transfer of Control in the "Syntax" Section
      • The "Valid Context" Section of a Dictionary Entry
      • The "Value Type" Section of a Dictionary Entry
  • Conformance
    • Conforming Implementations
      • Required Language Features
      • Documentation of Implementation-Dependent Features
      • Documentation of Extensions
      • Treatment of Exceptional Situations
      • Resolution of Apparent Conflicts in Exceptional Situations
      • Examples of Resolution of Apparent Conflict in Exceptional Situations
      • Conformance Statement
    • Conforming Programs
      • Use of Implementation-Defined Language Features
      • Use of Read-Time Conditionals
  • Language Extensions
  • Language Subsets
  • Deprecated Language Features
    • Deprecated Functions
    • Deprecated Argument Conventions
    • Deprecated Variables
    • Deprecated Reader Syntax
  • Symbols in the COMMON-LISP Package
• Syntax
  • Character Syntax
    • Readtables
      • The Current Readtable
      • The Standard Readtable
      • The Initial Readtable
    • Variables that affect the Lisp Reader
    • Standard Characters
    • Character Syntax Types
      • Constituent Characters
      • Constituent Traits
      • Invalid Characters
      • Macro Characters
      • Multiple Escape Characters
      • Examples of Multiple Escape Characters
      • Single Escape Character
      • Examples of Single Escape Characters
      • Whitespace Characters
      • Examples of Whitespace Characters
  • Reader Algorithm
  • Interpretation of Tokens
    • Numbers as Tokens
      • Potential Numbers as Tokens
      • Escape Characters and Potential Numbers
      • Examples of Potential Numbers
    • Constructing Numbers from Tokens
      • Syntax of a Rational
      • Syntax of an Integer
      • Syntax of a Ratio
      • Syntax of a Float
      • Syntax of a Complex
    • The Consing Dot
    • Symbols as Tokens
    • Valid Patterns for Tokens
    • Package System Consistency Rules
  • Standard Macro Characters
    • Left-Parenthesis
    • Right-Parenthesis
    • Single-Quote
      • Examples of Single-Quote
    • Semicolon
      • Examples of Semicolon
      • Notes about Style for Semicolon
      • Use of Single Semicolon
      • Use of Double Semicolon
      • Use of Triple Semicolon
      • Use of Quadruple Semicolon
      • Examples of Style for Semicolon
    • Double-Quote
    • Backquote
      • Notes about Backquote
    • Comma
    • Sharpsign
      • Sharpsign Backslash
      • Sharpsign Single-Quote
      • Sharpsign Left-Parenthesis
      • Sharpsign Asterisk
      • Examples of Sharpsign Asterisk
      • Sharpsign Colon
      • Sharpsign Dot
      • Sharpsign B
      • Sharpsign O
      • Sharpsign X
      • Sharpsign R
      • Sharpsign C
      • Sharpsign A
      • Sharpsign S
      • Sharpsign P
      • Sharpsign Equal-Sign
      • Sharpsign Sharpsign
      • Sharpsign Plus
      • Sharpsign Minus
      • Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
      • Examples of Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
      • Notes about Style for Sharpsign Vertical-Bar
      • Sharpsign Less-Than-Sign
      • Sharpsign Whitespace
      • Sharpsign Right-Parenthesis
    • Re-Reading Abbreviated Expressions
• Evaluation and Compilation
  • Evaluation
    • Introduction to Environments
      • The Global Environment
      • Dynamic Environments
      • Lexical Environments
      • The Null Lexical Environment
      • Environment Objects
    • The Evaluation Model
      • Form Evaluation
      • Symbols as Forms
      • Lexical Variables
      • Dynamic Variables
      • Constant Variables
      • Symbols Naming Both Lexical and Dynamic Variables
      • Conses as Forms
      • Special Forms
      • Macro Forms
      • Function Forms
      • Lambda Forms
      • Self-Evaluating Objects
      • Examples of Self-Evaluating Objects
    • Lambda Expressions
    • Closures and Lexical Binding
    • Shadowing
    • Extent
    • Return Values
  • Compilation
    • Compiler Terminology
    • Compilation Semantics
      • Compiler Macros
      • Purpose of Compiler Macros
      • Naming of Compiler Macros
      • When Compiler Macros Are Used
      • Notes about the Implementation of Compiler Macros
      • Minimal Compilation
      • Semantic Constraints
    • File Compilation
      • Processing of Top Level Forms
      • Processing of Defining Macros
      • Constraints on Macros and Compiler Macros
    • Literal Objects in Compiled Files
      • Externalizable Objects
      • Similarity of Literal Objects
      • Similarity of Aggregate Objects
      • Definition of Similarity
      • Extensions to Similarity Rules
      • Additional Constraints on Externalizable Objects
    • Exceptional Situations in the Compiler
  • Declarations
    • Minimal Declaration Processing Requirements
    • Declaration Specifiers
    • Declaration Identifiers
      • Shorthand notation for Type Declarations
    • Declaration Scope
      • Examples of Declaration Scope
  • Lambda Lists
    • Ordinary Lambda Lists
      • Specifiers for the required parameters
      • Specifiers for optional parameters
      • A specifier for a rest parameter
      • Specifiers for keyword parameters
      • Suppressing Keyword Argument Checking
      • Examples of Suppressing Keyword Argument Checking
      • Specifiers for &aux variables
      • Examples of Ordinary Lambda Lists
    • Generic Function Lambda Lists
    • Specialized Lambda Lists
    • Macro Lambda Lists
      • Destructuring by Lambda Lists
      • Data-directed Destructuring by Lambda Lists
      • Examples of Data-directed Destructuring by Lambda Lists
      • Lambda-list-directed Destructuring by Lambda Lists
    • Destructuring Lambda Lists
    • Boa Lambda Lists
    • Defsetf Lambda Lists
    • Deftype Lambda Lists
    • Define-modify-macro Lambda Lists
    • Define-method-combination Arguments Lambda Lists
    • Syntactic Interaction of Documentation Strings and Declarations
  • Error Checking in Function Calls
    • Argument Mismatch Detection
      • Safe and Unsafe Calls
      • Error Detection Time in Safe Calls
      • Too Few Arguments
      • Too Many Arguments
      • Unrecognized Keyword Arguments
      • Invalid Keyword Arguments
      • Odd Number of Keyword Arguments
      • Destructuring Mismatch
      • Errors When Calling a Next Method
  • Traversal Rules and Side Effects
  • Destructive Operations
    • Modification of Literal Objects
    • Transfer of Control during a Destructive Operation
      • Examples of Transfer of Control during a Destructive Operation
  • Evaluation and Compilation Dictionary
    • lambda [Symbol]
    • lambda [Macro]
    • compile [Function]
    • eval [Function]
    • eval-when [Special Operator]
    • load-time-value [Special Operator]
    • quote [Special Operator]
    • compiler-macro-function [Accessor]
    • define-compiler-macro [Macro]
    • defmacro [Macro]
    • macro-function [Accessor]
    • macroexpand, macroexpand-1 [Function]
    • define-symbol-macro [Macro]
    • symbol-macrolet [Special Operator]
    • *macroexpand-hook* [Variable]
    • proclaim [Function]
    • declaim [Macro]
    • declare [Symbol]
    • ignore, ignorable [Declaration]
    • dynamic-extent [Declaration]
    • type [Declaration]
    • inline, notinline [Declaration]
    • ftype [Declaration]
    • declaration [Declaration]
    • optimize [Declaration]
    • special [Declaration]
    • locally [Special Operator]
    • the [Special Operator]
    • special-operator-p [Function]
    • constantp [Function]
• Types and Classes
  • Introduction
  • Types
    • Data Type Definition
    • Type Relationships
    • Type Specifiers
  • Classes
    • Introduction to Classes
      • Standard Metaclasses
    • Defining Classes
    • Creating Instances of Classes
    • Inheritance
      • Examples of Inheritance
      • Inheritance of Class Options
    • Determining the Class Precedence List
      • Topological Sorting
      • Examples of Class Precedence List Determination
    • Redefining Classes
      • Modifying the Structure of Instances
      • Initializing Newly Added Local Slots
      • Customizing Class Redefinition
    • Integrating Types and Classes
  • Types and Classes Dictionary
    • nil [Type]
    • boolean [Type]
    • function [System Class]
    • compiled-function [Type]
    • generic-function [System Class]
    • standard-generic-function [System Class]
    • class [System Class]
    • built-in-class [System Class]
    • structure-class [System Class]
    • standard-class [System Class]
    • method [System Class]
    • standard-method [System Class]
    • structure-object [Class]
    • standard-object [Class]
    • method-combination [System Class]
    • t [System Class]
    • satisfies [Type Specifier]
    • member [Type Specifier]
    • not [Type Specifier]
    • and [Type Specifier]
    • or [Type Specifier]
    • values [Type Specifier]
    • eql [Type Specifier]
    • coerce [Function]
    • deftype [Macro]
    • subtypep [Function]
    • type-of [Function]
    • typep [Function]
    • type-error [Condition Type]
    • type-error-datum, type-error-expected-type [Function]
    • simple-type-error [Condition Type]
• Data and Control Flow
  • Generalized Reference
    • Overview of Places and Generalized Reference
      • Evaluation of Subforms to Places
      • Examples of Evaluation of Subforms to Places
      • Setf Expansions
      • Examples of Setf Expansions
    • Kinds of Places
      • Variable Names as Places
      • Function Call Forms as Places
      • VALUES Forms as Places
      • THE Forms as Places
      • APPLY Forms as Places
      • Setf Expansions and Places
      • Macro Forms as Places
      • Symbol Macros as Places
      • Other Compound Forms as Places
    • Treatment of Other Macros Based on SETF
  • Transfer of Control to an Exit Point
  • Data and Control Flow Dictionary
    • apply [Function]
    • defun [Macro]
    • fdefinition [Accessor]
    • fboundp [Function]
    • fmakunbound [Function]
    • flet, labels, macrolet [Special Operator]
    • funcall [Function]
    • function [Special Operator]
    • function-lambda-expression [Function]
    • functionp [Function]
    • compiled-function-p [Function]
    • call-arguments-limit [Constant Variable]
    • lambda-list-keywords [Constant Variable]
    • lambda-parameters-limit [Constant Variable]
    • defconstant [Macro]
    • defparameter, defvar [Macro]
    • destructuring-bind [Macro]
    • let, let* [Special Operator]
    • progv [Special Operator]
    • setq [Special Form]
    • psetq [Macro]
    • block [Special Operator]
    • catch [Special Operator]
    • go [Special Operator]
    • return-from [Special Operator]
    • return [Macro]
    • tagbody [Special Operator]
    • throw [Special Operator]
    • unwind-protect [Special Operator]
    • nil [Constant Variable]
    • not [Function]
    • t [Constant Variable]
    • eq [Function]
    • eql [Function]
    • equal [Function]
    • equalp [Function]
    • identity [Function]
    • complement [Function]
    • constantly [Function]
    • every, some, notevery, notany [Function]
    • and [Macro]
    • cond [Macro]
    • if [Special Operator]
    • or [Macro]
    • when, unless [Macro]
    • case, ccase, ecase [Macro]
    • typecase, ctypecase, etypecase [Macro]
    • multiple-value-bind [Macro]
    • multiple-value-call [Special Operator]
    • multiple-value-list [Macro]
    • multiple-value-prog1 [Special Operator]
    • multiple-value-setq [Macro]
    • values [Accessor]
    • values-list [Function]
    • multiple-values-limit [Constant Variable]
    • nth-value [Macro]
    • prog, prog* [Macro]
    • prog1, prog2 [Macro]
    • progn [Special Operator]
    • define-modify-macro [Macro]
    • defsetf [Macro]
    • define-setf-expander [Macro]
    • get-setf-expansion [Function]
    • setf, psetf [Macro]
    • shiftf [Macro]
    • rotatef [Macro]
    • control-error [Condition Type]
    • program-error [Condition Type]
    • undefined-function [Condition Type]
• Iteration
  • The LOOP Facility
    • Overview of the Loop Facility
      • Simple vs Extended Loop
      • Simple Loop
      • Extended Loop
      • Loop Keywords
      • Parsing Loop Clauses
      • Expanding Loop Forms
      • Summary of Loop Clauses
      • Summary of Variable Initialization and Stepping Clauses
      • Summary of Value Accumulation Clauses
      • Summary of Termination Test Clauses
      • Summary of Unconditional Execution Clauses
      • Summary of Conditional Execution Clauses
      • Summary of Miscellaneous Clauses
      • Order of Execution
      • Destructuring
      • Restrictions on Side-Effects
    • Variable Initialization and Stepping Clauses
      • Iteration Control
      • The for-as-arithmetic subclause
      • Examples of for-as-arithmetic subclause
      • The for-as-in-list subclause
      • Examples of for-as-in-list subclause
      • The for-as-on-list subclause
      • Examples of for-as-on-list subclause
      • The for-as-equals-then subclause
      • Examples of for-as-equals-then subclause
      • The for-as-across subclause
      • Examples of for-as-across subclause
      • The for-as-hash subclause
      • The for-as-package subclause
      • Examples of for-as-package subclause
      • Local Variable Initializations
      • Examples of WITH clause
    • Value Accumulation Clauses
      • Examples of COLLECT clause
      • Examples of APPEND and NCONC clauses
      • Examples of COUNT clause
      • Examples of MAXIMIZE and MINIMIZE clauses
      • Examples of SUM clause
    • Termination Test Clauses
      • Examples of REPEAT clause
      • Examples of ALWAYS, NEVER, and THEREIS clauses
      • Examples of WHILE and UNTIL clauses
    • Unconditional Execution Clauses
      • Examples of unconditional execution
    • Conditional Execution Clauses
      • Examples of WHEN clause
    • Miscellaneous Clauses
      • Control Transfer Clauses
      • Examples of NAMED clause
      • Initial and Final Execution
    • Examples of Miscellaneous Loop Features
      • Examples of clause grouping
    • Notes about Loop
  • Iteration Dictionary
    • do, do* [Macro]
    • dotimes [Macro]
    • dolist [Macro]
    • loop [Macro]
    • loop-finish [Local Macro]
• Objects
  • Object Creation and Initialization
    • Initialization Arguments
    • Declaring the Validity of Initialization Arguments
    • Defaulting of Initialization Arguments
    • Rules for Initialization Arguments
    • Shared-Initialize
    • Initialize-Instance
    • Definitions of Make-Instance and Initialize-Instance
  • Changing the Class of an Instance
    • Modifying the Structure of the Instance
    • Initializing Newly Added Local Slots
    • Customizing the Change of Class of an Instance
  • Reinitializing an Instance
    • Customizing Reinitialization
  • Meta-Objects
    • Standard Meta-objects
  • Slots
    • Introduction to Slots
    • Accessing Slots
    • Inheritance of Slots and Slot Options
  • Generic Functions and Methods
    • Introduction to Generic Functions
    • Introduction to Methods
    • Agreement on Parameter Specializers and Qualifiers
    • Congruent Lambda-lists for all Methods of a Generic Function
    • Keyword Arguments in Generic Functions and Methods
      • Examples of Keyword Arguments in Generic Functions and Methods
    • Method Selection and Combination
      • Determining the Effective Method
      • Selecting the Applicable Methods
      • Sorting the Applicable Methods by Precedence Order
      • Applying method combination to the sorted list of applicable methods
      • Standard Method Combination
      • Declarative Method Combination
      • Built-in Method Combination Types
    • Inheritance of Methods
  • Objects Dictionary
    • function-keywords [Standard Generic Function]
    • ensure-generic-function [Function]
    • allocate-instance [Standard Generic Function]
    • reinitialize-instance [Standard Generic Function]
    • shared-initialize [Standard Generic Function]
    • update-instance-for-different-class [Standard Generic Function]
    • update-instance-for-redefined-class [Standard Generic Function]
    • change-class [Standard Generic Function]
    • slot-boundp [Function]
    • slot-exists-p [Function]
    • slot-makunbound [Function]
    • slot-missing [Standard Generic Function]
    • slot-unbound [Standard Generic Function]
    • slot-value [Function]
    • method-qualifiers [Standard Generic Function]
    • no-applicable-method [Standard Generic Function]
    • no-next-method [Standard Generic Function]
    • remove-method [Standard Generic Function]
    • make-instance [Standard Generic Function]
    • make-instances-obsolete [Standard Generic Function]
    • make-load-form [Standard Generic Function]
    • make-load-form-saving-slots [Function]
    • with-accessors [Macro]
    • with-slots [Macro]
    • defclass [Macro]
    • defgeneric [Macro]
    • defmethod [Macro]
    • find-class [Accessor]
    • next-method-p [Local Function]
    • call-method, make-method [Local Macro]
    • call-next-method [Local Function]
    • compute-applicable-methods [Standard Generic Function]
    • define-method-combination [Macro]
    • find-method [Standard Generic Function]
    • add-method [Standard Generic Function]
    • initialize-instance [Standard Generic Function]
    • class-name [Standard Generic Function]
    • (setf class-name) [Standard Generic Function]
    • class-of [Function]
    • unbound-slot [Condition Type]
    • unbound-slot-instance [Function]
• Structures
  • Structures Dictionary
    • defstruct [Macro]
    • copy-structure [Function]
• Conditions
  • Condition System Concepts
    • Condition Types
      • Serious Conditions
    • Creating Conditions
      • Condition Designators
    • Printing Conditions
      • Recommended Style in Condition Reporting
      • Capitalization and Punctuation in Condition Reports
      • Leading and Trailing Newlines in Condition Reports
      • Embedded Newlines in Condition Reports
      • Note about Tabs in Condition Reports
      • Mentioning Containing Function in Condition Reports
    • Signaling and Handling Conditions
      • Signaling
      • Resignaling a Condition
      • Restarts
      • Interactive Use of Restarts
      • Interfaces to Restarts
      • Restart Tests
      • Associating a Restart with a Condition
    • Assertions
    • Notes about the Condition System's Background
  • Conditions Dictionary
    • condition [Condition Type]
    • warning [Condition Type]
    • style-warning [Condition Type]
    • serious-condition [Condition Type]
    • error [Condition Type]
    • cell-error [Condition Type]
    • cell-error-name [Function]
    • parse-error [Condition Type]
    • storage-condition [Condition Type]
    • assert [Macro]
    • error [Function]
    • cerror [Function]
    • check-type [Macro]
    • simple-error [Condition Type]
    • invalid-method-error [Function]
    • method-combination-error [Function]
    • signal [Function]
    • simple-condition [Condition Type]
    • simple-condition-format-control, simple-condition-format-arguments
    • warn [Function]
    • simple-warning [Condition Type]
    • invoke-debugger [Function]
    • break [Function]
    • *debugger-hook* [Variable]
    • *break-on-signals* [Variable]
    • handler-bind [Macro]
    • handler-case [Macro]
    • ignore-errors [Macro]
    • define-condition [Macro]
    • make-condition [Function]
    • restart [System Class]
    • compute-restarts [Function]
    • find-restart [Function]
    • invoke-restart [Function]
    • invoke-restart-interactively [Function]
    • restart-bind [Macro]
    • restart-case [Macro]
    • restart-name [Function]
    • with-condition-restarts [Macro]
    • with-simple-restart [Macro]
    • abort [Restart]
    • continue [Restart]
    • muffle-warning [Restart]
    • store-value [Restart]
    • use-value [Restart]
    • abort, continue, muffle-warning, store-value, use-value [Function]
• Symbols
  • Symbol Concepts
  • Symbols Dictionary
    • symbol [System Class]
    • keyword [Type]
    • symbolp [Function]
    • keywordp [Function]
    • make-symbol [Function]
    • copy-symbol [Function]
    • gensym [Function]
    • *gensym-counter* [Variable]
    • gentemp [Function]
    • symbol-function [Accessor]
    • symbol-name [Function]
    • symbol-package [Function]
    • symbol-plist [Accessor]
    • symbol-value [Accessor]
    • get [Accessor]
    • remprop [Function]
    • boundp [Function]
    • makunbound [Function]
    • set [Function]
    • unbound-variable [Condition Type]
• Packages
  • Package Concepts
    • Introduction to Packages
      • Package Names and Nicknames
      • Symbols in a Package
      • Internal and External Symbols
      • Package Inheritance
      • Accessibility of Symbols in a Package
      • Locating a Symbol in a Package
      • Prevention of Name Conflicts in Packages
    • Standardized Packages
      • The COMMON-LISP Package
      • Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Implementations
      • Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Programs
      • Some Exceptions to Constraints on the COMMON-LISP Package for Conforming Programs
      • The COMMON-LISP-USER Package
      • The KEYWORD Package
      • Interning a Symbol in the KEYWORD Package
      • Notes about The KEYWORD Package
      • Implementation-Defined Packages
  • Packages Dictionary
    • package [System Class]
    • export [Function]
    • find-symbol [Function]
    • find-package [Function]
    • find-all-symbols [Function]
    • import [Function]
    • list-all-packages [Function]
    • rename-package [Function]
    • shadow [Function]
    • shadowing-import [Function]
    • delete-package [Function]
    • make-package [Function]
    • with-package-iterator [Macro]
    • unexport [Function]
    • unintern [Function]
    • in-package [Macro]
    • unuse-package [Function]
    • use-package [Function]
    • defpackage [Macro]
    • do-symbols, do-external-symbols, do-all-symbols [Macro]
    • intern [Function]
    • package-name [Function]
    • package-nicknames [Function]
    • package-shadowing-symbols [Function]
    • package-use-list [Function]
    • package-used-by-list [Function]
    • packagep [Function]
    • *package* [Variable]
    • package-error [Condition Type]
    • package-error-package [Function]
• Numbers
  • Number Concepts
    • Numeric Operations
      • Associativity and Commutativity in Numeric Operations
      • Examples of Associativity and Commutativity in Numeric Operations
      • Contagion in Numeric Operations
      • Viewing Integers as Bits and Bytes
      • Logical Operations on Integers
      • Byte Operations on Integers
    • Implementation-Dependent Numeric Constants
    • Rational Computations
      • Rule of Unbounded Rational Precision
      • Rule of Canonical Representation for Rationals
      • Rule of Float Substitutability
    • Floating-point Computations
      • Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
      • Examples of Rule of Float and Rational Contagion
      • Rule of Float Approximation
      • Rule of Float Underflow and Overflow
      • Rule of Float Precision Contagion
    • Complex Computations
      • Rule of Complex Substitutability
      • Rule of Complex Contagion
      • Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
      • Examples of Rule of Canonical Representation for Complex Rationals
      • Principal Values and Branch Cuts
    • Interval Designators
    • Random-State Operations
  • Numbers Dictionary
    • number [System Class]
    • complex [System Class]
    • real [System Class]
    • float [System Class]
    • short-float, single-float, double-float, long-float [Type]
    • rational [System Class]
    • ratio [System Class]
    • integer [System Class]
    • signed-byte [Type]
    • unsigned-byte [Type]
    • mod [Type Specifier]
    • bit [Type]
    • fixnum [Type]
    • bignum [Type]
    • =, /=, <, >, <=, >= [Function]
    • max, min [Function]
    • minusp, plusp [Function]
    • zerop [Function]
    • floor, ffloor, ceiling, fceiling,
    • sin, cos, tan [Function]
    • asin, acos, atan [Function]
    • pi [Constant Variable]
    • sinh, cosh, tanh, asinh, acosh, atanh [Function]
    • * [Function]
    • + [Function]
    • - [Function]
    • / [Function]
    • 1+, 1- [Function]
    • abs [Function]
    • evenp, oddp [Function]
    • exp, expt [Function]
    • gcd [Function]
    • incf, decf [Macro]
    • lcm [Function]
    • log [Function]
    • mod, rem [Function]
    • signum [Function]
    • sqrt, isqrt [Function]
    • random-state [System Class]
    • make-random-state [Function]
    • random [Function]
    • random-state-p [Function]
    • *random-state* [Variable]
    • numberp [Function]
    • cis [Function]
    • complex [Function]
    • complexp [Function]
    • conjugate [Function]
    • phase [Function]
    • realpart, imagpart [Function]
    • upgraded-complex-part-type [Function]
    • realp [Function]
    • numerator, denominator [Function]
    • rational, rationalize [Function]
    • rationalp [Function]
    • ash [Function]
    • integer-length [Function]
    • integerp [Function]
    • parse-integer [Function]
    • boole [Function]
    • boole-1, boole-2, boole-and, boole-andc1, boole-andc2,
    • logand, logandc1, logandc2, logeqv, logior,
    • logbitp [Function]
    • logcount [Function]
    • logtest [Function]
    • byte, byte-size, byte-position [Function]
    • deposit-field [Function]
    • dpb [Function]
    • ldb [Accessor]
    • ldb-test [Function]
    • mask-field [Accessor]
    • most-positive-fixnum, most-negative-fixnum [Constant Variable]
    • decode-float, scale-float, float-radix, float-sign,
    • float [Function]
    • floatp [Function]
    • most-positive-short-float, least-positive-short-float,
    • short-float-epsilon, short-float-negative-epsilon,
    • arithmetic-error [Condition Type]
    • arithmetic-error-operands, arithmetic-error-operation [Function]
    • division-by-zero [Condition Type]
    • floating-point-invalid-operation [Condition Type]
    • floating-point-inexact [Condition Type]
    • floating-point-overflow [Condition Type]
    • floating-point-underflow [Condition Type]
• Characters
  • Character Concepts
    • Introduction to Characters
    • Introduction to Scripts and Repertoires
      • Character Scripts
      • Character Repertoires
    • Character Attributes
    • Character Categories
      • Graphic Characters
      • Alphabetic Characters
      • Characters With Case
      • Uppercase Characters
      • Lowercase Characters
      • Corresponding Characters in the Other Case
      • Case of Implementation-Defined Characters
      • Numeric Characters
      • Alphanumeric Characters
      • Digits in a Radix
    • Identity of Characters
    • Ordering of Characters
    • Character Names
    • Treatment of Newline during Input and Output
    • Character Encodings
    • Documentation of Implementation-Defined Scripts
  • Characters Dictionary
    • character [System Class]
    • base-char [Type]
    • standard-char [Type]
    • extended-char [Type]
    • char=, char/=, char<, char>, char<=, char>=,
    • character [Function]
    • characterp [Function]
    • alpha-char-p [Function]
    • alphanumericp [Function]
    • digit-char [Function]
    • digit-char-p [Function]
    • graphic-char-p [Function]
    • standard-char-p [Function]
    • char-upcase, char-downcase [Function]
    • upper-case-p, lower-case-p, both-case-p [Function]
    • char-code [Function]
    • char-int [Function]
    • code-char [Function]
    • char-code-limit [Constant Variable]
    • char-name [Function]
    • name-char [Function]
• Conses
  • Cons Concepts
    • Conses as Trees
      • General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Trees
    • Conses as Lists
      • Lists as Association Lists
      • Lists as Sets
      • General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Lists
  • Conses Dictionary
    • list [System Class]
    • null [System Class]
    • cons [System Class]
    • atom [Type]
    • cons [Function]
    • consp [Function]
    • atom [Function]
    • rplaca, rplacd [Function]
    • car, cdr,
    • copy-tree [Function]
    • sublis, nsublis [Function]
    • subst, subst-if, subst-if-not, nsubst, nsubst-if, nsubst-if-not
    • tree-equal [Function]
    • copy-list [Function]
    • list, list* [Function]
    • list-length [Function]
    • listp [Function]
    • make-list [Function]
    • push [Macro]
    • pop [Macro]
    • first, second, third, fourth, fifth,
    • nth [Accessor]
    • endp [Function]
    • null [Function]
    • nconc [Function]
    • append [Function]
    • revappend, nreconc [Function]
    • butlast, nbutlast [Function]
    • last [Function]
    • ldiff, tailp [Function]
    • nthcdr [Function]
    • rest [Accessor]
    • member, member-if, member-if-not [Function]
    • mapc, mapcar, mapcan, mapl, maplist, mapcon [Function]
    • acons [Function]
    • assoc, assoc-if, assoc-if-not [Function]
    • copy-alist [Function]
    • pairlis [Function]
    • rassoc, rassoc-if, rassoc-if-not [Function]
    • get-properties [Function]
    • getf [Accessor]
    • remf [Macro]
    • intersection, nintersection [Function]
    • adjoin [Function]
    • pushnew [Macro]
    • set-difference, nset-difference [Function]
    • set-exclusive-or, nset-exclusive-or [Function]
    • subsetp [Function]
    • union, nunion [Function]
• Arrays
  • Array Concepts
    • Array Elements
      • Array Indices
      • Array Dimensions
      • Implementation Limits on Individual Array Dimensions
      • Array Rank
      • Vectors
      • Fill Pointers
      • Multidimensional Arrays
      • Storage Layout for Multidimensional Arrays
      • Implementation Limits on Array Rank
    • Specialized Arrays
      • Array Upgrading
      • Required Kinds of Specialized Arrays
  • Arrays Dictionary
    • array [System Class]
    • simple-array [Type]
    • vector [System Class]
    • simple-vector [Type]
    • bit-vector [System Class]
    • simple-bit-vector [Type]
    • make-array [Function]
    • adjust-array [Function]
    • adjustable-array-p [Function]
    • aref [Accessor]
    • array-dimension [Function]
    • array-dimensions [Function]
    • array-element-type [Function]
    • array-has-fill-pointer-p [Function]
    • array-displacement [Function]
    • array-in-bounds-p [Function]
    • array-rank [Function]
    • array-row-major-index [Function]
    • array-total-size [Function]
    • arrayp [Function]
    • fill-pointer [Accessor]
    • row-major-aref [Accessor]
    • upgraded-array-element-type [Function]
    • array-dimension-limit [Constant Variable]
    • array-rank-limit [Constant Variable]
    • array-total-size-limit [Constant Variable]
    • simple-vector-p [Function]
    • svref [Accessor]
    • vector [Function]
    • vector-pop [Function]
    • vector-push, vector-push-extend [Function]
    • vectorp [Function]
    • bit, sbit [Accessor]
    • bit-and, bit-andc1, bit-andc2, bit-eqv,
    • bit-vector-p [Function]
    • simple-bit-vector-p [Function]
• Strings
  • String Concepts
    • Implications of Strings Being Arrays
    • Subtypes of STRING
  • Strings Dictionary
    • string [System Class]
    • base-string [Type]
    • simple-string [Type]
    • simple-base-string [Type]
    • simple-string-p [Function]
    • char, schar [Accessor]
    • string [Function]
    • string-upcase, string-downcase, string-capitalize,
    • string-trim, string-left-trim, string-right-trim [Function]
    • string=, string/=, string<, string>, string<=, string>=,
    • stringp [Function]
    • make-string [Function]
• Sequences
  • Sequence Concepts
    • General Restrictions on Parameters that must be Sequences
  • Rules about Test Functions
    • Satisfying a Two-Argument Test
      • Examples of Satisfying a Two-Argument Test
    • Satisfying a One-Argument Test
      • Examples of Satisfying a One-Argument Test
  • Sequences Dictionary
    • sequence [System Class]
    • copy-seq [Function]
    • elt [Accessor]
    • fill [Function]
    • make-sequence [Function]
    • subseq [Accessor]
    • map [Function]
    • map-into [Function]
    • reduce [Function]
    • count, count-if, count-if-not [Function]
    • length [Function]
    • reverse, nreverse [Function]
    • sort, stable-sort [Function]
    • find, find-if, find-if-not [Function]
    • position, position-if, position-if-not [Function]
    • search [Function]
    • mismatch [Function]
    • replace [Function]
    • substitute, substitute-if, substitute-if-not,
    • concatenate [Function]
    • merge [Function]
    • remove, remove-if, remove-if-not,
    • remove-duplicates, delete-duplicates [Function]
• Hash Tables
  • Hash Table Concepts
    • Hash-Table Operations
    • Modifying Hash Table Keys
      • Visible Modification of Objects with respect to EQ and EQL
      • Visible Modification of Objects with respect to EQUAL
      • Visible Modification of Conses with respect to EQUAL
      • Visible Modification of Bit Vectors and Strings with respect to EQUAL
      • Visible Modification of Objects with respect to EQUALP
      • Visible Modification of Structures with respect to EQUALP
      • Visible Modification of Arrays with respect to EQUALP
      • Visible Modification of Hash Tables with respect to EQUALP
      • Visible Modifications by Language Extensions
  • Hash Tables Dictionary
    • hash-table [System Class]
    • make-hash-table [Function]
    • hash-table-p [Function]
    • hash-table-count [Function]
    • hash-table-rehash-size [Function]
    • hash-table-rehash-threshold [Function]
    • hash-table-size [Function]
    • hash-table-test [Function]
    • gethash [Accessor]
    • remhash [Function]
    • maphash [Function]
    • with-hash-table-iterator [Macro]
    • clrhash [Function]
    • sxhash [Function]
• Filenames
  • Overview of Filenames
    • Namestrings as Filenames
    • Pathnames as Filenames
    • Parsing Namestrings Into Pathnames
  • Pathnames
    • Pathname Components
      • The Pathname Host Component
      • The Pathname Device Component
      • The Pathname Directory Component
      • The Pathname Name Component
      • The Pathname Type Component
      • The Pathname Version Component
    • Interpreting Pathname Component Values
      • Strings in Component Values
      • Special Characters in Pathname Components
      • Case in Pathname Components
      • Local Case in Pathname Components
      • Common Case in Pathname Components
      • Special Pathname Component Values
      • NIL as a Component Value
      • :WILD as a Component Value
      • :UNSPECIFIC as a Component Value
      • Relation between component values NIL and :UNSPECIFIC
      • Restrictions on Wildcard Pathnames
      • Restrictions on Examining Pathname Components
      • Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Host Component
      • Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Device Component
      • Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Directory Component
      • Directory Components in Non-Hierarchical File Systems
      • Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Name Component
      • Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Type Component
      • Restrictions on Examining a Pathname Version Component
      • Notes about the Pathname Version Component
      • Restrictions on Constructing Pathnames
    • Merging Pathnames
      • Examples of Merging Pathnames
  • Logical Pathnames
    • Syntax of Logical Pathname Namestrings
      • Additional Information about Parsing Logical Pathname Namestrings
      • The Host part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
      • The Device part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
      • The Directory part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
      • The Type part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
      • The Version part of a Logical Pathname Namestring
      • Wildcard Words in a Logical Pathname Namestring
      • Lowercase Letters in a Logical Pathname Namestring
      • Other Syntax in a Logical Pathname Namestring
    • Logical Pathname Components
      • Unspecific Components of a Logical Pathname
      • Null Strings as Components of a Logical Pathname
  • Filenames Dictionary
    • pathname [System Class]
    • logical-pathname [System Class]
    • pathname [Function]
    • make-pathname [Function]
    • pathnamep [Function]
    • pathname-host, pathname-device, pathname-directory,
    • load-logical-pathname-translations [Function]
    • logical-pathname-translations [Accessor]
    • logical-pathname [Function]
    • *default-pathname-defaults* [Variable]
    • namestring, file-namestring, directory-namestring,
    • parse-namestring [Function]
    • wild-pathname-p [Function]
    • pathname-match-p [Function]
    • translate-logical-pathname [Function]
    • translate-pathname [Function]
    • merge-pathnames [Function]
• Files
  • File System Concepts
    • Coercion of Streams to Pathnames
    • File Operations on Open and Closed Streams
    • Truenames
      • Examples of Truenames
  • Files Dictionary
    • directory [Function]
    • probe-file [Function]
    • ensure-directories-exist [Function]
    • truename [Function]
    • file-author [Function]
    • file-write-date [Function]
    • rename-file [Function]
    • delete-file [Function]
    • file-error [Condition Type]
    • file-error-pathname [Function]
• Streams
  • Stream Concepts
    • Introduction to Streams
      • Abstract Classifications of Streams
      • Input, Output, and Bidirectional Streams
      • Open and Closed Streams
      • Interactive Streams
      • Abstract Classifications of Streams
      • File Streams
      • Other Subclasses of Stream
    • Stream Variables
    • Stream Arguments to Standardized Functions
    • Restrictions on Composite Streams
  • Streams Dictionary
    • stream [System Class]
    • broadcast-stream [System Class]
    • concatenated-stream [System Class]
    • echo-stream [System Class]
    • file-stream [System Class]
    • string-stream [System Class]
    • synonym-stream [System Class]
    • two-way-stream [System Class]
    • input-stream-p, output-stream-p [Function]
    • interactive-stream-p [Function]
    • open-stream-p [Function]
    • stream-element-type [Function]
    • streamp [Function]
    • read-byte [Function]
    • write-byte [Function]
    • peek-char [Function]
    • read-char [Function]
    • read-char-no-hang [Function]
    • terpri, fresh-line [Function]
    • unread-char [Function]
    • write-char [Function]
    • read-line [Function]
    • write-string, write-line [Function]
    • read-sequence [Function]
    • write-sequence [Function]
    • file-length [Function]
    • file-position [Function]
    • file-string-length [Function]
    • open [Function]
    • stream-external-format [Function]
    • with-open-file [macro]
    • close [Function]
    • with-open-stream [Macro]
    • listen [Function]
    • clear-input [Function]
    • finish-output, force-output, clear-output [Function]
    • y-or-n-p, yes-or-no-p [Function]
    • make-synonym-stream [Function]
    • synonym-stream-symbol [Function]
    • broadcast-stream-streams [Function]
    • make-broadcast-stream [Function]
    • make-two-way-stream [Function]
    • two-way-stream-input-stream, two-way-stream-output-stream
    • echo-stream-input-stream, echo-stream-output-stream [Function]
    • make-echo-stream [Function]
    • concatenated-stream-streams [Function]
    • make-concatenated-stream [Function]
    • get-output-stream-string [Function]
    • make-string-input-stream [Function]
    • make-string-output-stream [Function]
    • with-input-from-string [Macro]
    • with-output-to-string [Macro]
    • *debug-io*, *error-output*, *query-io*,
    • *terminal-io* [Variable]
    • stream-error [Condition Type]
    • stream-error-stream [Function]
    • end-of-file [Condition Type]
• Printer
  • The Lisp Printer
    • Overview of The Lisp Printer
      • Multiple Possible Textual Representations
      • Printer Escaping
    • Printer Dispatching
    • Default Print-Object Methods
      • Printing Numbers
      • Printing Integers
      • Printing Ratios
      • Printing Floats
      • Printing Complexes
      • Note about Printing Numbers
      • Printing Characters
      • Printing Symbols
      • Package Prefixes for Symbols
      • Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Printer
      • Examples of Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Printer
      • Printing Strings
      • Printing Lists and Conses
      • Printing Bit Vectors
      • Printing Other Vectors
      • Printing Other Arrays
      • Examples of Printing Arrays
      • Printing Random States
      • Printing Pathnames
      • Printing Structures
      • Printing Other Objects
    • Examples of Printer Behavior
  • The Lisp Pretty Printer
    • Pretty Printer Concepts
      • Dynamic Control of the Arrangement of Output
      • Format Directive Interface
      • Compiling Format Strings
      • Pretty Print Dispatch Tables
      • Pretty Printer Margins
    • Examples of using the Pretty Printer
    • Notes about the Pretty Printer's Background
  • Formatted Output
    • FORMAT Basic Output
      • Tilde C: Character
      • Tilde Percent: Newline
      • Tilde Ampersand: Fresh-Line
      • Tilde Vertical-Bar: Page
      • Tilde Tilde: Tilde
    • FORMAT Radix Control
      • Tilde R: Radix
      • Tilde D: Decimal
      • Tilde B: Binary
      • Tilde O: Octal
      • Tilde X: Hexadecimal
    • FORMAT Floating-Point Printers
      • Tilde F: Fixed-Format Floating-Point
      • Tilde E: Exponential Floating-Point
      • Tilde G: General Floating-Point
      • Tilde Dollarsign: Monetary Floating-Point
    • FORMAT Printer Operations
      • Tilde A: Aesthetic
      • Tilde S: Standard
      • Tilde W: Write
    • FORMAT Pretty Printer Operations
      • Tilde Underscore: Conditional Newline
      • Tilde Less-Than-Sign: Logical Block
      • Tilde I: Indent
      • Tilde Slash: Call Function
    • FORMAT Layout Control
      • Tilde T: Tabulate
      • Tilde Less-Than-Sign: Justification
      • Tilde Greater-Than-Sign: End of Justification
    • FORMAT Control-Flow Operations
      • Tilde Asterisk: Go-To
      • Tilde Left-Bracket: Conditional Expression
      • Tilde Right-Bracket: End of Conditional Expression
      • Tilde Left-Brace: Iteration
      • Tilde Right-Brace: End of Iteration
      • Tilde Question-Mark: Recursive Processing
    • FORMAT Miscellaneous Operations
      • Tilde Left-Paren: Case Conversion
      • Tilde Right-Paren: End of Case Conversion
      • Tilde P: Plural
    • FORMAT Miscellaneous Pseudo-Operations
      • Tilde Semicolon: Clause Separator
      • Tilde Circumflex: Escape Upward
      • Tilde Newline: Ignored Newline
    • Additional Information about FORMAT Operations
      • Nesting of FORMAT Operations
      • Missing and Additional FORMAT Arguments
      • Additional FORMAT Parameters
      • Undefined FORMAT Modifier Combinations
    • Examples of FORMAT
    • Notes about FORMAT
  • Printer Dictionary
    • copy-pprint-dispatch [Function]
    • formatter [Macro]
    • pprint-dispatch [Function]
    • pprint-exit-if-list-exhausted [Local Macro]
    • pprint-fill, pprint-linear, pprint-tabular [Function]
    • pprint-indent [Function]
    • pprint-logical-block [Macro]
    • pprint-newline [Function]
    • pprint-pop [Local Macro]
    • pprint-tab [Function]
    • print-object [Standard Generic Function]
    • print-unreadable-object [Macro]
    • set-pprint-dispatch [Function]
    • write, prin1, print, pprint, princ [Function]
    • write-to-string, prin1-to-string, princ-to-string [Function]
    • *print-array* [Variable]
    • *print-base*, *print-radix* [Variable]
    • *print-case* [Variable]
    • *print-circle* [Variable]
    • *print-escape* [Variable]
    • *print-gensym* [Variable]
    • *print-level*, *print-length* [Variable]
    • *print-lines* [Variable]
    • *print-miser-width* [Variable]
    • *print-pprint-dispatch* [Variable]
    • *print-pretty* [Variable]
    • *print-readably* [Variable]
    • *print-right-margin* [Variable]
    • print-not-readable [Condition Type]
    • print-not-readable-object [Function]
    • format [Function]
• Reader
  • Reader Concepts
    • Dynamic Control of the Lisp Reader
    • Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
      • Examples of Effect of Readtable Case on the Lisp Reader
    • Argument Conventions of Some Reader Functions
      • The EOF-ERROR-P argument
      • The RECURSIVE-P argument
  • Reader Dictionary
    • readtable [System Class]
    • copy-readtable [Function]
    • make-dispatch-macro-character [Function]
    • read, read-preserving-whitespace [Function]
    • read-delimited-list [Function]
    • read-from-string [Function]
    • readtable-case [Accessor]
    • readtablep [Function]
    • set-dispatch-macro-character, get-dispatch-macro-character
    • set-macro-character, get-macro-character [Function]
    • set-syntax-from-char [Function]
    • with-standard-io-syntax [Macro]
    • *read-base* [Variable]
    • *read-default-float-format* [Variable]
    • *read-eval* [Variable]
    • *read-suppress* [Variable]
    • *readtable* [Variable]
    • reader-error [Condition Type]
• System Construction
  • System Construction Concepts
    • Loading
    • Features
      • Feature Expressions
      • Examples of Feature Expressions
  • System Construction Dictionary
    • compile-file [Function]
    • compile-file-pathname [Function]
    • load [Function]
    • with-compilation-unit [Macro]
    • *features* [Variable]
    • *compile-file-pathname*, *compile-file-truename* [Variable]
    • *load-pathname*, *load-truename* [Variable]
    • *compile-print*, *compile-verbose* [Variable]
    • *load-print*, *load-verbose* [Variable]
    • *modules* [Variable]
    • provide, require [Function]
• Environment
  • The External Environment
    • Top level loop
    • Debugging Utilities
    • Environment Inquiry
    • Time
      • Decoded Time
      • Universal Time
      • Internal Time
      • Seconds
  • Environment Dictionary
    • decode-universal-time [Function]
    • encode-universal-time [function]
    • get-universal-time, get-decoded-time [Function]
    • sleep [Function]
    • apropos, apropos-list [Function]
    • describe [Function]
    • describe-object [Standard Generic Function]
    • trace, untrace [Macro]
    • step [Macro]
    • time [Macro]
    • internal-time-units-per-second [Constant Variable]
    • get-internal-real-time [Function]
    • get-internal-run-time [Function]
    • disassemble [Function]
    • documentation, (setf documentation) [Standard Generic Function]
    • room [Function]
    • ed [Function]
    • inspect [Function]
    • dribble [Function]
    • - [Variable]
    • +, ++, +++ [Variable]
    • *, **, *** [Variable]
    • /, //, /// [Variable]
    • lisp-implementation-type,
    • short-site-name, long-site-name [Function]
    • machine-instance [Function]
    • machine-type [Function]
    • machine-version [Function]
    • software-type, software-version [Function]
    • user-homedir-pathname [Function]
• Glossary
  • Glossary
• Appendix
  • Removed Language Features
    • Requirements for removed and deprecated features
    • Removed Types
    • Removed Operators
    • Removed Argument Conventions
    • Removed Variables
    • Removed Reader Syntax
    • Packages No Longer Required

This document was generated on 28 January 1998 using the texi2html translator version 1.52.